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<p>Preface ix</p> <p>Acknowledgments xi</p> <p><b>1 Overview 1</b></p> <p>1.1 Introduction to Mg-based Hydrogen and Electric Energy Storage Materials 1</p> <p>1.2 Overview of Mg-based Hydrogen Storage Materials and Systems 2</p> <p>1.3 Overview of Mg-ion Batteries 5</p> <p><b>2 Hydrogen Absorption/Desorption in Mg-based Materials and Their Applications 9</b></p> <p>2.1 The Characterizations of Mg-based Hydrogen Storage Materials 9</p> <p>2.1.1 An Introduction to the Crystal Structure of Mg and MgH 2 9</p> <p>2.1.2 Thermodynamic Mechanisms for the Hydrogen Absorption/Desorption of Mg/MgH 2 9</p> <p>2.1.3 Kinetic Mechanisms for the Hydrogen Absorption/Desorption of Mg/MgH 2 10</p> <p>2.2 Methods for Improving the Hydrogen Storage Performance of Mg-based Materials 14</p> <p>2.2.1 Alloying 14</p> <p>2.2.2 Catalyzing 18</p> <p>2.2.3 Nano-structuring 21</p> <p>2.2.4 Combining with Complex Hydrides 28</p> <p>2.2.4.1 Combining with Metal Amides 28</p> <p>2.2.4.2 Combining with Metal Boronhydrides or Alanates 30</p> <p>2.3 Synthesis Technologies for Mg-based Hydrogen Storage Materials 33</p> <p>2.3.1 Preparation Methods of Mg-based Alloys 33</p> <p>2.3.1.1 Melting-based Methods 35</p> <p>2.3.1.2 Hydrogen Combustion Synthesis (HCS) 35</p> <p>2.3.1.3 Mechanical Alloying, Compactions and Severe Plastic Deformation (SPD) Methods 37</p> <p>2.3.1.4 Hydriding Chemical Vapor Deposition (HCVD) 39</p> <p>2.3.2 Synthesis of Mg-based Materials with Special Structure and Morphology 41</p> <p>2.3.2.1 Synthesis of Core–Shell Structured Mg-based Materials 41</p> <p>2.3.2.2 Synthesis of Nanostructured Mg-based Materials 44</p> <p>2.3.2.3 Synthesis of Amorphous Mg-based Materials 46</p> <p>2.4 Advanced Characterization Techniques 46</p> <p>2.4.1 Synchrotron Radiation 46</p> <p>2.4.2 In-situ TEM 47</p> <p>2.4.3 Neutron Diffraction 48</p> <p>2.4.4 Theoretical Simulations 50</p> <p>2.5 Fundamentals and Applications of Mg-based Hydrogen Storage Tanks 52</p> <p>2.5.1 An Introduction to Mg-based Hydrogen Storage Tanks 52</p> <p>2.5.2 Numerical Modeling 54</p> <p>2.5.2.1 Heat Transfer Equations 54</p> <p>2.5.2.2 Mass Transfer Equations 55</p> <p>2.5.3 Thermal Enhancement Methods 57</p> <p>2.5.3.1 Powder Compaction 57</p> <p>2.5.3.2 Metal Skeleton 58</p> <p>2.5.3.3 Heat Transfer Pipe 58</p> <p>2.5.3.4 Phase Change Material (PCM) 58</p> <p>2.5.3.5 Thermochemical Material (TCM) 59</p> <p>2.5.4 Practical Applications 59</p> <p><b>3 Hydrolysis of Mg-based Hydrogen Storage Materials 61</b></p> <p>3.1 Hydrolysis Processes of Mg/MgH 2 62</p> <p>3.2 Control of Hydrolysis Processes 63</p> <p>3.2.1 Modification of Reaction Mediate 63</p> <p>3.2.1.1 Modifying pH Value 63</p> <p>3.2.1.2 Effects from Other Cations and Anions 66</p> <p>3.2.2 Adding Catalytic Additives 69</p> <p>3.2.2.1 Metal Halides 69</p> <p>3.2.2.2 Metal Oxides, Sulfides and Hydrides 72</p> <p>3.2.2.3 Carbon Additives 73</p> <p>3.2.3 Introduction of MgH 2 based Nanostructures 73</p> <p>3.2.4 Controlling Hydrolysis Process by Alloying 74</p> <p>3.2.4.1 Alloying with Active Metals 74</p> <p>3.2.4.2 Alloying with Metals with Higher Corrosion Potential 75</p> <p>3.2.4.3 Alloying with Si 77</p> <p>3.3 Controllable Hydrolysis Systems 77</p> <p><b>4 Electrolytes for Mg Batteries 81</b></p> <p>4.1 Liquid Electrolytes 81</p> <p>4.1.1 Aqueous Liquid Electrolytes 81</p> <p>4.1.1.1 Alkaline Solutions 82</p> <p>4.1.1.2 Neutral Saline Solutions 82</p> <p>4.1.1.3 Seawater and Seawater/Acid Mixed Solutions 83</p> <p>4.1.2 Organic Liquid Electrolytes 84</p> <p>4.1.2.1 Grignard-based Electrolytes 84</p> <p>4.1.2.2 HMDS-based Electrolytes 86</p> <p>4.1.2.3 MgCl 2 –AlCl 3 (MACC) Based Electrolytes 86</p> <p>4.1.2.4 Mg(TFSI) 2 -based Electrolytes 87</p> <p>4.1.2.5 Boron-centered Electrolytes 89</p> <p>4.1.2.6 Other Organic Electrolytes 91</p> <p>4.2 Solid and Quasi-solid State Electrolytes 93</p> <p>4.2.1 Solid-state Electrolytes 93</p> <p>4.2.2 Quasi-solid State Electrolytes 95</p> <p><b>5 Cathodes and Anodes for Mg Batteries 97</b></p> <p>5.1 Intercalation-type Cathode Materials 97</p> <p>5.1.1 Chevrel Phase, CP (Mo₆ T₈;T= S, Se, Te) Cathode Materials 97</p> <p>5.1.2 V₂ O₅ –mg²+ Insertion-Type Cathode Materials 100</p> <p>5.1.2.1 Effect of Morphology on V₂ O₅ 101</p> <p>5.1.2.2 Effect of Layer Spacing on V₂ O₅ 102</p> <p>5.1.3 Molybdenum Oxide (MoO₃) and Uranium Oxide (α-U₃ O₈)–Mg²+ Insertion-type Cathode Materials 105</p> <p>5.1.3.1 Molybdenum Oxide (MoO₃) Insertion-type Cathode Materials 105</p> <p>5.1.3.2 Uranium Oxide (α-U₃ O₈) Insertion-type Cathode Materials 106</p> <p>5.1.4 Layered Structure Cathode Materials 107</p> <p>5.1.4.1 Layered Oxide Cathode 107</p> <p>5.1.4.2 Layered Sulfides/Selenide Cathode 108</p> <p>5.1.4.3 Other Layered Cathode 109</p> <p>5.1.5 Spinel Structure Cathode Materials 109</p> <p>5.1.5.1 Spinel Oxide Cathode 109</p> <p>5.1.5.2 Spinel Sulfide Cathode 110</p> <p>5.1.6 Olivine Structure Cathode Materials 110</p> <p>5.1.7 NASICON Structure Cathode Materials 111</p> <p>5.1.8 Carbon-based Materials 114</p> <p>5.1.9 MT₂ (M = Metal, T = S, Se) Type Intercalation Cathode Materials 115</p> <p>5.2 Conversion-type Cathode Materials 117</p> <p>5.2.1 Chalcogenides 118</p> <p>5.2.2 Mg—O₂ Batteries 120</p> <p>5.2.3 Mg—S Batteries 122</p> <p>5.2.4 Mg—Se Batteries 126</p> <p>5.2.5 Mg—Te Batteries 126</p> <p>5.2.6 Mg—I₂ Batteries 126</p> <p>5.3 Organic Cathodes 127</p> <p>5.3.1 Carbonyl Compounds 127</p> <p>5.3.2 Organosulfur Compounds 129</p> <p>5.3.3 Nitrogen-based Compounds 130</p> <p>5.4 Anodes for Mg Batteries 132</p> <p><b>6 Conclusions and Outlook 137</b></p> <p>List of Abbreviations 139</p> <p>Chapter 1 139</p> <p>Chapter 2 139</p> <p>Chapter 3 141</p> <p>Chapter 4 141</p> <p>Chapter 5 142</p> <p>References 145</p> <p>Index 161</p>

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